Secondary Causes of Hypertension
Diseases
- Chronic kidney disease
- Cushing’s syndrome
- Coarctation of the aorta
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Parathyroid disease
- Pheochromocytoma
- Primary aldosteronism
- Renovascular disease
- Thyroid disease
Drugs Associated with Hypertension in Humans
- Prescription drugs
- Adrenal steroids (e.g., prednisone, fludrocortisone, triamcinolone)
- Amphetamines/anorexiants (e.g., phendimetrazine, phentermine, sibutramine)
- Antivascular endothelin growth factor agents (bevacizumab, sorafenib, sunitinib), estrogens (usually oral contraceptives)
- Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine and tracolimus)
- Decongestants (phenylpropanolamine and analogs)
- Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (erythropoietin and darbepoietin)
- Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors
- Others: venlafaxine, bromocriptine, bupropion, buspirone, carbamazepine, clozapine, desulfrane, ketamine, metoclopramide
- Situations: β-blocker or centrally acting α-agonists (when abruptly discontinued); β-blocker without α- blocker first when treating pheochromocytoma
Food substances
- Sodium
- Ethanol
- Licorice
- Tyramine-containing foods if taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor
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